Ikea Advertising Appeals

Learn ABOUT 360-DEGREE EVALUATION: THE PROS AND CONS OF MULTI-SOURCE PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL INTRODUCTION: In an association representatives are the significant resource and assume a noteworthy job in the advancement of an association. These days firms as a rule center around the human capital as the representatives by giving them preparing, helping them in vocation advancement and furthermore take a shot at execution the executives so as to keep the workers propelled and committed by giving them input through execution appraisals.Through these presentation examinations the representatives are educated about their qualities that they can upgrade and about their shortcomings that they can improve later on. Multi-source execution examination or 360-degree assessment is essentially a procedure in which the input is gathered from various individuals that associates with representative like his directors, colleagues, supervisors, can be partners etc.It is a significant apparatus for Human R esource Management as the criticism is gathered through the polls in which the workers are approached to rate the specific worker in his presentation and conduct. Its fundamental design is to give a sound input to the representative that can feature his solid and feeble focuses and furthermore helps in the turn of events and the preparation of the worker. The criticism that is gathered from various individuals is talked about between the director and the specific employee.In this exhibition examination strategy the character of an individual who is filling the study structure isn't imparted to that specific worker. It likewise gives an impression to the worker that what others consider him in customary examination technique just the director of specific representative gives the criticism about his presentation yet now because of association of individuals from various divisions and various levels make the evaluation less abstract and might be progressively precise and honest.If one individual says something regarding the representative then their can be odds of biasness however in the event that numerous individuals says something very similar and without the impact of somebody then we can say that their strength be something incorrectly or something great about that specific individual. As nothing is flawless in this world, which implies that there are a few advantages and disadvantages of 360 degree assessment technique. This paper features the points of interest and disservices of multi-source execution examination and furthermore specifies some proposal that can be utilized while actualizing this exhibition evaluation method.The primary significance is given on the advantages and disadvantages of this technique that can assist the association with deciding whether to proceed with the conventional evaluation strategy or to go with 360-degree assessment strategy. Examination: The multi-source execution evaluation strategy assumes an essential job for represe ntatives. It makes the workers to consider their mentality and conduct and about others observation about them. It additionally distinguishes the zones wherein a specific representative performed well and furthermore where he was unable to come up to the expectations.There are a great deal of preferences and impediments of multi-source execution examination which are as per the following: ?Advantages of Multi-Source Performance Appraisal Method: The fundamental preferred position of this strategy is that it gives input from various degrees of association and it isn't confined to chief or the supervisor as in the customary exhibition evaluation technique, as appeared in the Appendix-I. In this technique the worker is the focal point of consideration of the considerable number of individuals and the fundamental objective of this strategy is to make the presentation of that representative better than anyone might have expected as appeared in Appendix-II.Due to the utilization of rating from various individuals, 360 degree assessment strategy upgrades the nature of the exhibition methods and gives a nitty gritty view. This strategy is valuable to the director as it can give progressively legitimate evaluation of the exhibition of the representative and can assist with annihilating the odds of biasness because of which it gets simpler for the administrator to arrive at a specific resolution identified with that specific laborer. Another bit of leeway of this strategy is that through this input the top supervisors can settle on choices identified with the advancement or once in a while elimination of an employee.It additionally assists with featuring those regions in which the worker can be prepared and it is likewise helpful in the representative turn of events. This evaluation technique can be useful for those individuals who are in feeling of inadequacy and belittle themselves, to change their attitude and stay persuaded subsequent to getting a positive input fro m their colleagues, supervisors and so on. One of the significant advantages of this technique is that it diminishes the opportunity of separation as the input is gathered from a differing gathering of individuals.It is a significant apparatus to acquire a change the presentation of a representative that bring about authoritative viability. It is likewise helpful in making the exhibition of the representative corresponding with business esteems. Client support might be improved by the bleeding edge workers by getting criticism from the clients through this technique as this give the chance to the representatives to think on those zones where they are not performing great. Due to above points of interest of multi-source execution examination technique numerous huge organizations like Johnson and Johnson Limited, IBM , Xerox and so forth se this strategy and are extremely fruitful in today’s serious world as this strategy is more exact and gives more dependable data than the co nventional presentation evaluation strategies. ?Inconveniences of Multi-Source Performance Appraisal Method: This technique had a ton of points of interest yet there are a few weaknesses that may make uncertainty of whether to settle on this strategy or not. This strategy is very intricate and time taking and furthermore expensive as it includes a great deal of problem to make the overview structure filled from various individuals and finish up the ratings.This technique can be risky and can deliver dangerous outcomes on the off chance that it isn't directed appropriately and furthermore in the event that it isn't done accurately, at that point it can turn into a colossal exercise in futility. This procedure can get hard to deal with and oversee if there are such a large number of individuals included. One of the significant drawbacks is that occasionally there are surveys in which the remarks are not plainly justifiable and needs some further clarification from those individuals wh o filled that structure however because of unknown criticism it is incredibly hard to follow out those individuals because of whom the outcomes may not be so exact or authentic.Human creatures are significant piece of this strategy as each individual have individual inclinations so there are chances that a few people may rank an individual in such a manner in this way, that a worker looks great or now and again awful and may likewise a few people got together and structure a gathering and gave assessment in favor or against of somebody. This will presumably happen in those conditions when there is no appropriate checking or oversight that how the surveys are being filled. RECOMMENDATIONS:Due to detriments of this technique it very well may be hard for an association to choose this exhibition evaluation strategy. So there are a few proposals that can assist with controlling the traps of this technique. 360-degree assessment strategy ought to be directed cautiously with the goal that precise outcomes could be gotten. The supervisors who are regulating this entire strategy ought to recognize those regions on which they need to gather data for a specific worker like inquiries identified with initiative abilities might be asked, or might be identified with representative conduct with his subordinates etc.It ought to likewise be viewed as that the poll ought not be long to such an extent that it devours a great deal of time and the representatives use the vast majority of their work time in filling the study structure. Representatives ought to be prepared so that the individuals who are giving the criticism stay constructive and down to earth as opposed to thinking about close to home feelings of spite and furthermore the individuals who got the input should take it in a productive manner regardless of whether it demonstrates a portion of the shortcomings of an employee.An worker can be given a choice to pick the individuals from whom input he needs yet the administ ration needs to ensure that they are not his companions or not all that near him. The director or the boss who will impart the criticism to the specific representative should give him like a therapist and ought to make them train that how to impart the input to the worker so he doesn't respond seriously and not become demotivated from the feedback.There are a few people who would prefer not to change themselves so on the off chance that the examination is identified with those workers, at that point the administrator ought to be cautious in conveying the input and furthermore attempt to share the criticism so that he attempts to change himself. The personalities of the appraisers stay private yet there ought to be some wellspring of recognizable proof through which the administration can distinguish the individual if there is some issue in understanding the remarks in their filled structure. The representative whose presentation is being estimated ought to be treated with extraordin ary regard and esteem.As the world is changing with the advancement of data innovation and associations are improving their innovation so as to stay serious, this exhibition examination technique ought to be moved from the paper to the modernized framework. Programming ought to be introduced so as to get online criticism of the multi-source execution evaluation, along these lines workers can fill the structure on the web and it will diminish the problem and furthermore decrease the hour of leading entire technique. The criticism framework ought to be lined up with the way of life of an association and furthermore the rating instruments ought to be dependable so precise outcomes could be obtained.CONCLUSION: The 360-degree input is utilized by numerous associations as this procedure has gotten exceptionally renowned in today’s’ world. This strategy includes the criticism from various individuals which can make the input progressively solid and auth

The Right to Privacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Right to Privacy - Essay Example Specifically, protection may be part into four classes (1) Physical: control on others to encounter a circumstance or individual through their human detects; (2) Informational: control on searching for or unveiling realities, which are mysterious or obscure to other people; (3) Decisional: control on curious in choices, which are limited to a substance; lastly, (4) Dispositional: control on endeavors to know a person’s perspective (Etzioni 56). The substance and cutoff points of what is respected private fluctuates among people and societies, however share general subjects. Protection is, now and again, related with mystery, the longing to remain unidentified or unnoticed in broad daylight matters. At the point when an issue is private to an individual, it typically implies there is something in them, which is viewed as by and by delicate or inherently extraordinary. The degree to which private and secret data is uncovered, consequently, depends on how the open will see these realities, which varies among places and after some time (Etzioni 56). There have been various discussions concerning peoples’ right to protection. The state contends that individuals utilize this standard by doing criminal operations yet get it far from the specialists guaranteeing that it is a privilege to protection. Notwithstanding, others consider that it is a noteworthy component of human rights and that the system should give this privilege to its residents (Gonchar 1). This paper will portray this privilege and where is it found. It will likewise talk about how was it created and whether it ought to be transparently remembered for the United States Constitution. Right to Privacy Definition as of late, there have been incredibly barely any endeavors clearly and accurately to depict a right to protection. By the turn of the thousand years (2000), students of the Haifa Institute for Law and Technology affirmed that, as a general rule, the privilege to security should not to be named as an unmistakable lawful right, in any capacity (Thomson 74). Through their translation, present laws relating to protection, fundamentally, ought to be sufficient. Different researchers, for example, Dean Prosser, have tried, however not succeeded, to reveal a shared comprehension between driving protection cases in courts in any event to plan a clarification (Gallagher 12). One graduate school exposition from Israel, all things considered, on the issue of protection in the computerized world, suggests that the privilege to protection should be viewed as an automatic right, which requires lawful security in itself (Lever 56). It has, thus, recommended a working portrayal to one side to security. As indicated by this organization, the privilege to protection is peoples’ option to maintain a space around them, which involves every one of those issues that are noteworthy to them, for example, their body, property, home, emotions, considerations, personality, just as insider facts (Thomson 74). This correct offers individuals the capacity to pick which parts in this area can be gotten to by others, and to control the degree, way and timing of the utilization of those parts we decide to unveil. Where the Right Is Found and How It Was Developed The privilege to protection is an authentic oddity of the United States established law (Moore 20). Regardless of whether it didn't exist as regulation till late 1961, it didn't make the premise of a Supreme Court decision up to 1965 (Thomson 77). It is, fundamentally, the most seasoned sacred right. This privilege of security builds up the establishment of the opportunity of inner voice verbalized in the First Amendment, the option to be ensured in one's self explained in the Fourth Amendment, just as the option to decrease self-implication enunciated in the Fifth Amendment, despite reality that protection itself is

Theories and Terminology of Personality Psychology

Theories and Terminology of Personality Psychology Student Resources Study Guides and Tips Print Theories and Terminology of Personality Psychology By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 19, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on November 25, 2019 More in Student Resources Study Guides and Tips APA Style and Writing Careers In This Article Table of Contents Expand Defining Personality Characteristics Research Models Terminology Major Theories Famous Psychologists View All Back To Top What exactly is personality? Where does it come from? Does it change as we grow older? These are the sorts of questions that have long held the fascination of psychologists and which have inspired a number of different theories of personality.   Defining Personality While personality is something that we talk about all the time (He has such a great personality! or  Her personality is perfect for this job!), you might be surprised to learn that psychologists do not necessarily agree on a single definition of what exactly constitutes personality. Personality is broadly described as the characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make a person unique. In plain English, it is what makes you you.?? Researchers have found while some external factors can influence how certain traits are expressed, personality originates within the individual.?? While a few aspects of personality may change as we grow older, personality also tends to remain fairly consistent throughout life. Because personality plays such an important role in human behavior, an entire branch of psychology is devoted to the study of this fascinating topic. Personality psychologists are interested in the unique characteristics of individuals, as well as similarities among groups of people. 10 Fascinating Facts About Personality Characteristics of Personality In order to understand the psychology of personality, it is important to learn some of the key characteristics of how personality works. Personality is organized and consistent.?? We tend to express certain aspects of our personality in different situations and our responses are generally stable.  Although personality is generally stable, it can be influenced by the environment.??  For example, while your personality might lead you to be shy in social situations, an emergency might lead you to take on a more outspoken and take-charge approach.Personality causes behaviors to happen. You react to the people and objects in your environment based on your personality.?? From your personal preferences to your choice of a career, every aspect of your life is affected by your personality. How Personality Impacts Physical and Mental Health Research Models Now that you know a bit more about the basics of personality, its time to take a closer look at how scientists actually study human personality. There are different techniques that are used in the study of personality. Each technique has its own strengths and weaknesses. Experimental methods are those in which the researcher controls and manipulates the variables of interests and takes measures of the results. This is the most scientific form of research, but experimental research can be difficult when studying aspects of personality such as motivations, emotions, and drives. These ideas are internal, abstract, and can be  difficult to measure. The experimental method allows researchers to look at cause-and-effect relationships between different variables of interest.Case studies and self-report methods involve the in-depth analysis of an individual as well as information provided by the individual. Case studies rely heavily on the interpretations of the observer, while self-report methods depend on the memory of the individual of interest. Because of this, these methods tend to be highly subjective and it is difficult to generalize the findings to a larger population.Clinical research relies upon information gathered from clinical patients over the course of treatment. Many personality theories are based on this type of research, but because the research subjects are unique and exhibit abnormal behavior, this research tends to be highly subjective and difficult to generalize. Important Terminology Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is a behavioral training technique which begins with a naturally occurring stimulus eliciting an automatic response.  Then, a previously neutral stimulus is paired with the naturally occurring stimulus. Eventually, the previously neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response without the presence of the naturally occurring stimulus. The two elements are then known as the  conditioned stimulus  and the  conditioned response. Operant Conditioning Operant conditioning is a behavior training technique in which reinforcements or punishments are used to influence behavior. An association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior. Unconscious In Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of personality, the unconscious mind is a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that are outside of our conscious awareness.?? Most of the contents of the unconscious are unacceptable or unpleasant, such as feelings of pain, anxiety, or conflict. According to Freud, the unconscious mind continues to influence our behavior and experiences, even though we are unaware of these underlying influences. Id According to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of personality, the id is the personality component made up of unconscious psychic energy that works to satisfy basic urges, needs, and desires.?? The id operates based on  the pleasure principle, which demands immediate gratification of needs. Ego According to Freud, the ego is the largely unconscious part of the personality that mediates the demands of the id, the superego, and reality.?? The ego prevents us from acting on our basic urges (created by the id) but also works to achieve a balance with our moral and idealistic standards (created by the superego). Superego The superego is the component of personality composed of our internalized ideals that we have acquired from our parents and from society. The superego works to suppress the urges of the id and tries to make the ego behave morally, rather than realistically.?? Major Theories Personality psychology is the focus of some of the best-known psychology theories by a number of famous thinkers including Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson. Some of these theories attempt to tackle a specific area of personality while others attempt to explain personality much more broadly. Biological Theories Biological approaches suggest that genetics are responsible for personality. In the classic nature versus nurture debate, the biological theories of personality side with nature. Research on  heritability suggests that there is a link between genetics and personality traits.?? Twin studies are often used to investigate which traits might be linked to genetics versus those that might be linked to environmental variables. For example, researchers might look at differences and similarities in the personalities of twins reared together versus those who are raised apart. One of the best known biological theorists was  Hans Eysenck, who linked aspects of personality to biological processes. Eysenck argued that personality is influenced by the stress hormone cortisol. According to his theory,  introverts  have high cortical arousal and avoid stimulation, while  extroverts  had low cortical arousal and crave stimulation.?? Behavioral Theories Behavioral theorists include  B. F. Skinner  and  John B. Watson. Behavioral theories suggest that personality is a result of interaction between the individual and the environment. Behavioral theorists study observable and measurable behaviors, rejecting theories that take internal thoughts, moods, and feelings play a part as these cannot be measured. According to behavioral theorists, conditioning  (predictable behavioral responses) occurs through interactions with our environment which ultimately shape our personalities. Psychodynamic Theories Psychodynamic theories of personality are heavily influenced by the work of  Sigmund Freud  and emphasize the influence of the unconscious mind and childhood experiences on personality. Psychodynamic theories include Sigmund Freuds  psychosexual stage theory  and Erik Eriksons  stages of psychosocial development. Freud believed the three components of personality were the  id, ego, and superego. The id is responsible for needs and urges, while the superego regulates ideals and morals. The ego, in turns, moderates the demands of the id, superego, and reality. Freud suggested that children progress through a series of stages in which the ids energy is focused on different erogenous zones. Erikson also believed that personality progressed through a series of stages, with certain conflicts arising at each stage. Success in any stage depends on successfully overcoming these conflicts. Humanist Theories Humanist theories emphasize the importance of free will and individual experience in the development of personality. Humanist theorists include  Carl Rogers  and  Abraham Maslow. Humanist theorists promote the concept of self-actualization, which is the innate need for personal growth and the ways that personal growth motivates behavior. Trait Theories The  trait theory  approach is one of the most prominent areas within personality psychology. According to these theories, personality is made up of a number of broad traits. A trait is a relatively stable characteristic that causes an individual to behave in certain ways. It is essentially the psychological blueprint that informs behavioral patterns. Some of the best-known trait theories include Eysencks three-dimension theory and the  five-factor theory  of personality. Eysenck utilized personality questionnaires to collect data from participants and then employed a statistical technique known as factor analysis to analyze the results. Eysenck concluded that there were three major dimensions of personality: extroversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism. Eysenck believed that these dimensions then combine in different ways to form an individuals unique personality. Later, Eysenck added the third dimension known as psychoticism, which related to things such as aggression, empathy, and sociability. Later researchers suggested that there are five broad dimensions that make up a persons personalities, often referred to as the Big 5 theory of personality. The Big 5 theory suggests that all personalities can be characterized by five major personality dimensions: openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism, collectively referred to by the acronym OCEAN. Famous Figures in Psychology Some of the most famous figures in the history of psychology left a lasting mark on the field of personality. In order to better understand the different theories of personality, it can be helpful to learn more about the lives, theories, and contributions to the psychology of these eminent psychologists. Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud  (1856-1939) was the founder of psychoanalytic theory. His theories emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind, childhood experiences, dreams, and symbolism. His theory of  psychosexual development  suggested that children progress through a series of stages during which libidinal energy is focused on different regions of the body. His ideas are what as known as  grand theories  because they seek to explain virtually every aspect of human behavior. Some of Freuds ideas are considered outdated by modern psychologists, but he had a major influence on the course of psychology and some concepts, such as the usefulness of talk therapy and the importance of the unconscious, are enduring. Erik Erikson Erik Erikson  (1902-1994) was an ego psychologist trained by  Anna Freud. His  theory of psychosocial stages  describes how personality develops throughout the lifespan. Like Freud, some aspects of Eriksons theory are considered outdated by contemporary researchers, but his eight-stage theory of development remains popular and influential. B. F. Skinner B. F. Skinner  (1904-1990) was a behaviorist best known for his research on  operant conditioning  and the discovery of  schedules of reinforcement. Schedules of reinforcement influence how quickly a behavior is acquired and the strength of a response. The schedules described by Skinner are fixed-ratio schedules, fixed-variable schedules, variable-ratio schedules, and variable-interval schedules. Sandra Bem Sandra Bem (1944-2014)  had an important influence in psychology and on our understanding of sex roles, gender, and sexuality. She developed her gender schema theory to explain how society and culture transmit ideas about sex and gender. Gender schemas, Bem suggested, were formed by things such as parenting, school, mass media, and other cultural influences.   Abraham Maslow Abraham Maslow  (1908-1970) was a humanist psychologist who developed the well-known  hierarchy of needs. The hierarchy includes physiological needs, safety and security needs, love and affection needs, self-esteem needs, and self-actualizing needs. Carl Rogers Carl Rogers  (1902-1987) was a humanist psychologist who believed that all people have an  actualizing tendency  - a drive to fulfill the individual potential that motivates behavior. Rogers called healthy individuals  fully-functioning, describing these individuals as those who are open to experience, live in the moment, trust their own judgment, feel free and are creative. A Word From Verywell Personality makes us who we are, so it is no wonder why it has been the source of such fascination in both science and in daily life. The various theories of personality that have been proposed by different psychologists have helped us gain a deeper and richer understanding of what makes each person unique. By learning more about these theories, you can better understand how researchers have come to know the psychology of personality as well as consider questions that future research might explore. How to Recognize a Personality Disorder

The Last Night She Lived By Emily Dickinson - 1129 Words

David Kiernan ENG 2012 Professor Walter 12 April 2015 Emily Dickinson Essay Emily Dickinson is renowned for her implications and rhetorical writing style that leaves readers in a state of enlightenment that is required to unveil the true meaning behind her poems. Regardless, less than ten of her eighteen-hundred poems were ever published due to her radical viewpoints and unconventional writing style. Of the few that were ever published, â€Å"The last night she lived† is among them. The poem is a true representation of Dickinson’s views and philosophy in many aspects; one of which is the fact that the poem implements death as a less morbid end, rather the death of one’s legacy is far more gruesome. â€Å"The last night she lived† is a poem that incorporates a perplexing remembrance of one’s accomplishments and takes a vastly radical viewpoint on how someone can be remembered by what they have done, and not who they were. In reality, the purpose of â€Å"The last night she lived† is to describe Dickinson’s death, and how she is remembered in comparison to who she was in her time period. Furthermore, due to Dickinson being a female and having a radical writing style that incorporated new beliefs that challenged the common social conventions of the time period; Dickinson experienced many hard comings when she attempts to get published. A stanza from the poem that most aptly represents Dickinson’s views is â€Å"And we, we placed the hair, and drew the head erect; And then an awful leisureShow MoreRelated`` Wild Nights `` By Emily Dickinson961 Words   |  4 Pages The poem â€Å"Wild Nights† was written in 1891, and first published in 1891. It is a very short poem written by Emily Dickinson. Emily Dickinson was born in Amherst, Massachusetts, and throughout her life she lived in isolation. Dickinson spent quite a few years in the Academy studying English and other courses. Consequently, she left the Academy at age of 15 in order to get higher educa tion. Emily Dickinson was known to be one of the greatest and most unique poets. Dickinson secretly created bundlesRead MoreEmily Dickinson : The Point When A Reader1749 Words   |  7 PagesHorieh Introduction to Literature Professor Knoernschild November 27, 2015 Emily Dickinson At the point when a reader hears the name Emily Dickinson, they consider a female who composed verse that has been surely understood for a considerable length of time and years. Much to their dismay that Emily Dickinson established American Literature, and began an entire unrest of verse. The procedure Dickinson used to keep in touch with her verse was at no other time seen and was the foundationRead MoreAnalysis Of Emily Dickinson s Misty Wall 1183 Words   |  5 Pages231 April 30, 2015 Emily Dickinson: Love Emily Dickinson lived a very solitary life. Though countless of her poems involved a topic of love. How did she cover the theme of love while living in her own world? Well, she goes about this in different types of poetry such as spiritual communication, using the combination of love and sex, and the separation of lovers (Emily Dickinson.). Dickinson lived in total physical isolation from the outside world but it was stated that she did have a few peopleRead MoreWhat Made Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson Part of the Romantic Movement?745 Words   |  3 Pages What Made Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson Part of the Romantic Movement? The Romantic Movement, or period, was from the year 1828 to about 1865. The main feature of the American Romantic period was the celebration and praise of individualism. This time is also considered to be the first period of genuine American creativity. Emotion, instead of reason, became the largest source of inspiration and creativity during this period. All of this was a reaction to all of the constraints that wereRead More Death in Auden’s Funeral Blues, Forche’s Memory of Elena, and Dickinson’s Last Night that She lived1678 Words   |  7 PagesDickinson’s Last Night that She lived Death is a natural and inevitable part of life. Everyone will experience death, whether it is of a loved one or oneself. In W.H. Auden’s poem â€Å"Funeral Blues† (1003), he describes such a catastrophic event and the drastic effect that it has on his life. It is interesting how people choose to accept this permanent and expected event, death. Similarly, Emily Dickinson has written many poems about death, such as â€Å"The last Night that She lived† (843), whichRead MoreEssay about Emily Dickinson Poem Analysis572 Words   |  3 Pages The Last Night that She Lived nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;After evaluating my perception of The Last Night that She Lived, by Emily Dickinson. The message in this poem is we take life for granted and we don’t appreciate it until we are threatened with losing it. Emily used what seems to me as free verse with no apparent rhyme but alliteration at times. This is a Narrative poem that tells a story about a death of a young woman. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the first verse Dickinson was sayingRead MoreEmily Dickinson Review and Interpretation of Poems #449, #465, and #7121476 Words   |  6 PagesEmily Dickinson Emily Dickinsons poetry mostly reflects her feelings towards death and the projected events after death. As a poet, she was a very inward, and wrote about feelings that came from deeply within her--unlike other poets of her time whose societies were directly shown in their poetry (i.e.-Walt Whitman). Of course social and historical values shaped her personality, but in her poetry alone little can be derived about either the time period she lived in or the political and societalRead MoreThe Themes of Emily Dickinsons Poetry3970 Words   |  16 PagesThemes of Emily Dickinsons Poetry Emily Dickinson was a great American poet who has had a lasting effect on poetry, yet she was a very complicated poet in the 1860s to understand, because of her thought patterns. Dickinson wrote from life experiences and her deepest thoughts. She wrote for herself as a way of letting out her feelings. Dickinson Wrote 1,775 hundred poems but only published seven in her life time because she did not write poetry for publishing. In fact, Emily Dickinson left a letterRead MoreEmily Dickinson’s Themes, Language, and Technique Essay1886 Words   |  8 PagesWhen a reader hears the name Emily Dickinson, they think about a female who wrote poetry that has been well known for years and years. Little do they know that Emily Dickinson founded American Literature, and started a whole revolution of poetry. The technique Dickinson used to write her poetry was never before seen and was the cornerstone of her writings. Major themes, Figurative Language, and Literary Technique used by Emily D ickinson were all of her characteristics of her towering achievementRead Moreâ€Å"Because I could not stop for Death† and â€Å"Annabel Lee†: Similarities, Differences, and Their Authors1494 Words   |  6 PagesIn literature, themes shape and characterize an author’s writing making each work unique as different points of view are expressed within a writing’s words and sentences. This is the case, for example, of Edgar Allan Poe’s poem â€Å"Annabel Lee† and Emily Dickinson’s poem â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death.† Both poems focus on the same theme of death, but while Poe’s poem reflects that death is an atrocious event because of the suffering and struggle that it provokes, Dickinson’s poem reflects that

Odyssey Literary Analysis - 2667 Words

The Author and his Times The author of the Odyssey, to this day, remains unknown. Early Greeks have accredited works such as the Homeric Hyms, The Iliad, and The Odyssey to an individual by the name of Homer. However, there are some scientists that insist these said works were product of a group of people and not one man. This particular group of scientists claims that the subject matter of the writings is too diverse for them to have been the product of just one person. Despite these differing opinions the general consensus is still that Homer is the author. By analyzing the dialects used in the above works, Ionic and Aeolic, experts have derived that Homer s origin is some where in the western part of Asia Minor. He could†¦show more content†¦Telemachus is good-hearted and courageous, but lacks confidence, especially when confronting the suitors. He functions as an obstacle for the suitors and is plotted against by many of them. Minor Characters Penelope- Penelope is the devoted loving wife of Odysseus. She remains loyal to Odysseus for the entirety of the story despite the countless suitors that bother her every day. She is a strong woman and a loving wife and mother. Her role in the story is as an incentive for Odysseus. She is the main reason that Odysseus wishes to return to Ithaca. Athena- Athena is a goddess daughter of Zeus. Her anger at the desecration of one of her temples by a Greek warrior from Troy is the reason that Odysseus was sent wandering for ten years. Ironically, Athena aids Odysseus throughout his journey. She takes the form of humans in order to help Odysseus, one of which is the family friend Mentor. She also disguises Odysseus as a beggar in order for him to gather important information about the suitors. Though Athena is known for aiding Odysseus, she does intervene to such a point as to eliminate human choice. She tips the scales, but makes sure to leave the outcome dependent upon humans. Setting Ithaca Ââ€" Ithaca is Odysseus home town that he hasn t been to in ten years. HisShow MoreRelatedLiterary Analysis of the Odyssey Essay783 Words   |  4 PagesBrains over brawn, who will win this battle?Homers tale of Odysseus adventures in â€Å"The Odyssey† show that being intelligent and cunning can be far better than having physical strength. Being physically strong certainly has its advantages, but not in all circumstances. Strength in intelligence shows new meaning of strength. Odysseus is amused with himself when he defeats Polyphemus. His great skills with a bow outweigh the others abilities. Knowledge of the placement of his bed win his belovedsRead MoreEssay about Literary Analysis of The Odyssey784 Words   |  4 Pages The Odyssey is a celebrated epic filled with many different themes, motifs, styles, and characters that could be examined in vast detail, but the theme of hospitality is a reoccurring one throughout the entire narrative. Homer writes abo ut examples of both great hospitality and very inhospitable characters in his epic poem. Hospitality in The Odyssey creates definition of how individuals are either punished or rewarded by the gods. In the time of The Odyssey, not only largeRead MoreLiterary Analysis : The Odyssey And The Popol Vuh Essay1456 Words   |  6 Pagesin them. These archetypes have been either very noticeable or farther under the surface, the stories, poems and folklore are not all the same by any means but they do have some similarities besides the fact that they are all old. Ranging from The Odyssey to The Popol Vuh. 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Every day you wake up to the sight of the beautiful, tall trees and the various wildlife living in the area. Most of the time, you can hear the many sounds of nature: the majestic songs of birds, the whistling in the wind, and trees rustling. But sometimes all you can hear is nothing but silence. Most of usRead MoreCharles Baudelaire And Victor Hugo976 Words   |  4 Pagesmasses. After the world wars, literature had become a very powerful tool of exclaiming emotional relevance and many attributes of life to the whole world. Literature expanded in a number of vivid field by the end of the 20th century and the thematic analysis of poetry did not align as a sync in Europe. The Structural Sync : Beowulf is the oldest product of English literature; it is an epic poem narrating the adventures of Beowulf who becomes the king of Geates. 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Midweek review Free Essays

Since the start of this course the collaboration between us went well. At the first meeting we made several arrangements concerning communication, availability and responsibilities. We decided to communicate through Backbone and we made meeting appointments a couple of days In advance. We will write a custom essay sample on Midweek review or any similar topic only for you Order Now We came together before the analytical skills meetings and compared our results for Improvement and better understandings. With both of us attempting all the questions before we met to check If the answers were correct and helping the other If he did not understand how to do the question. The first presentation was set up In parts by our self with a high frequency of communication. Due to the structure of the presentation, we had to have constant communication with each other to ensure coherence between our parts and to ensure that we reach a common final conclusion. We will continue our current method because we think it has been successful so far. We have not had any immunization misunderstanding, and by using Backbone as a way of communication it allows us to get our points across immediately and efficiently without having to waste time traveling to a certain meeting point to discuss. We do agree that with respect to the final presentation, we might need to also increase the amount of personal meetings. And thus we have decided to start the research for the project early so that we could have meetings after tutorials. With respect to the time management during the course so far, we can be satisfied. Every assignment was finished properly in time according to our arrangements. We learned from the first presentation that it will be better to start earlier for the next presentation so we could do even more research. Furthermore we are really satisfied the way our cooperation worked out and we do not see any problems for the rest of this course. We followed our own composites arrangements and helped each other out where necessary. As learning point It might be useful to do more research for presentations. Our way of communication does not deed any Improvements since we are always replying quite fast to each other. We talked about the feedback from the presentation and gave each other and thought about personal Improvements. In overall we feel that despite coming from different cultural backgrounds, we are able to work together as a team. We believe that we will not have any problems working together as we both want to do the best for this module, and have set certain standards for our projects. Midweek review By moratorium Midweek evaluation of teamwork and working procedure (Team Report) Queue Jinn Liana – 16063163 meeting appointments a couple of days in advance. We came together before the analytical skills meetings and compared our results for improvement and better if the answers were correct and helping the other if he did not understand how to do The first presentation was set up in parts by our self with a high frequency of arrangements and helped each other out where necessary. As learning point it might need any improvements since we are always replying quite fast to each other. We about personal improvements. How to cite Midweek review, Papers

American Women Liberation Essay Example For Students

American Women Liberation Essay Did WW II Liberate American Women?World War II did liberate American Woman .After pearl harbor,in fact ,employers openly encouraged women to join the industrial labor pool.By 1947, 37percent of all adult in United States were inwork force.Married women represented over 70 percented of the increase in female employees,a significant shift away from traditional patterns in which the vast majority of working women had been young and single.It has also been criticized that they lost their job right after the war was ended. But not all of them lost their jobs. Lots of them who desired to continue to work held their positions safe.As they had already paved their way towards employment, it wasnt difficult for them to work in different places they havent woked before. The most significant change that WW II brought in American Women is the endof sex segregation in work force.Prior, they were allowed to do some so called female jobs and live life as housewives. But during world war II they were employed in different manufacturing jobs and the work they performed challanged prevailing definition of womanhood.Black women were able to benifit more from WW II. Before the war the majority of black women were relegated to the whte womanskitchen.In 1940, two-third of employed black women worked as domestic in LA. By 1950, this proportion dropped to 40% and was accompained by an increase ofblack women in durable maufacturing.Different criticism had been made that womenhad to quit their jobs to make space available for men who returned from the war. But the war had changed the perspective of nature of work that women were intobefore the war.The war had women more freedom than they had ever had before. Women had experienced new oppurtunities, a sense of independence, and were expereincing their own individuality The war allowed women to make decisions, and it gave them a chance to fight for their rights. And there is no doubt that the consequences of the World War II (the discrimination, job cuts, and wage inequalities) led to the development of many of the civil rights movements of the 1950s.

An Occurence at Owl Creek Bridge essays

An Occurence at Owl Creek Bridge essays What makes Ambrose Bierce a realist Author "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge" can be considered a work of realism for two reasons. The first is Bierce's utilization of his own military background giving this story a sense of realism. Bierce also conveys his pessimism after leading the reader to believe otherwise. This story provides social critique of the south during the Civil War. Bierce goes to great lengths to describe the opening sequence in terms of its military arrangement. He provides brilliant images of group formations and soldier stances like "a single company of infantry in line, at 'parade rest' the butts of the rifles on the ground, the barrels inclining backward against the right shoulder, the hands crossed upon the stock". He also takes the time to describe exactly how fortified the Owl Creek Bridge is. He shows his military experience by describing a road that stretches out of site and assuming that "Doubtless there was an outpost farther along". The procedures of a military execution were explained thoroughly including the code of conduct: "In the code of military manners silence and fixity are forms of deference". Bierce earned the nickname "Bitter Bierce early in his life for his pessimism. This is not evident in this story until the end. The third and final part begins with a sequence of miraculous occurrences allowing Peyton Farquhar to es cape from his hanging. The description of these events leads the reader to believe that Bierce is a Romantic author rather than a realist. The rope breaks dropping him into the creek. He then uses his "superhuman strength to remove the rope from around his neck. Peyton is then blessed with better senses seeing the veins on leaves in the forest and hearing gnats and dragonfly wings in the distance. Then he sees the eye of a marksman on the bridge through the range on the rifle. Amazingly, this marksman misses what should be an easy target and allows Farquhar to...

Bangalore Exploring an alien city Essays

Bangalore Exploring an alien city Essays Bangalore Exploring an alien city Essay Bangalore Exploring an alien city Essay How exciting would that be, the moment I imagine of starting a life in Bangor, my dream city. Strange thoughts filled in my mind, anticipating the outcome. I started my Job search and found the Job market quite responsive. I got the first call, then one and then another for the Job opportunity as filtered by me in Nikkei and monster. Well!! Now its the time to take it all at my stride. And finally, there it is. To my utter surprise and Gods blessings, I got my first break in a privately owned company located near my PEG at Grammarian. My Joys knew no bounds! Of course, now I am employed, I can try out many places, the food delicacies, the enchanting city life, different attires, and ways of grooming myself at my best. Oh, I loved the taste of yummy birdbrains, bar pap, panaches , sizzlers and the rocking time I had in barbeques nation on a grand office gala party. The colors of freedom taking its toll! I can do anything which I desire! But of course, I always make it a point to share those experiences with my family and keep them informed about my move. Enjoying the posh lifestyle, I came across many friends from diverse ultra and origin. Each day is happening and inviting something new, and I loved the newness protruding into my life. Transforming myself from a typical village looking girl to chic look lass had a lot added benefits! Right from a single Faceable update to a status change has its impact so much so that I bagged 80 likes for my new pick update!! And comments with posts flooded my inbox. A new look and a new girl in town, I had many things in my mind to do, to enjoy! So many invites to add me in Faceable. Oh! I am loving it! Talking about the city, the city is clean and its people ere are quite helpful, welcoming and compassionate, despite the auto rickshaw pullers who annoy the new bees and charge high on fares. Being a victim of overcharging, I still recall the fights I encountered such cumbersome situations with the rickracks. Vendors such as catwalks, pain purr Wallas, Juice/corn sellers, or the ice cream Wallas wont bother you much for chillers, unlike other places. And one thing I noted here, no question of bargaining!! If you like, you pick at the price fixed. No arguments and no word of mouth! Strange enough, sometimes it astonishes me to mind that all the Archie rich, elite class dwells in the city clearly manifesting the extravagant touch in the air. Once your wallet is full, you will find it easy to go, else be in limits. Coming across the travels and tours in and around the city, I visited Nadia hills, Tip sultan palace, and Moser. I was so charmed by the malls and the parks which beautify the city more. There are many other places yet to be visited, to be seen. Exploring the city itself is so fun and exciting . I have still much more to find out and explore. Bangor Exploring an alien city By shabbiness

Fashion in different times Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fashion in different times - Research Paper Example The fashion trend that became popular in the 1960s faded away, but others remain engrained in the social â€Å"fabric† and space age clothing and miniskirts are examples of the surviving trends. Today’s fashion is more laid back as far as political and social expression is concerned than it was in retrospective times people rarely use fashion to express political or social views, but mostly to assert their individuality. This paper will examine the fashion scenes in the  1960s and today and attempt a comparative analysis contrasting and comparing the two periods in respect to dress and fashion. In some ways, the fashion scene has remained the same and one can even claim the 1960s are the motivation for much of today’s dress culture. During this period, jeans became very popular especially among the youth who wanted something comfortable practical and which would feel natural. However, the use of leather and animal skin to make clothing items has come under sharp criticism by animal right activist and environmentalists result it is not as popular as it was then. As such, many youths would wear tie and dye t-shirts and jeans, today jeans are still a dominant feature of fashion, despite the many adjustments and improvements, a pair of battered or new jeans from the 1960s would easily fit into the wardrobe of a teenager today. Furthermore, another Similarity was that the brightness and liberalness of the clothes, miniskirts worn then would scandalize many modest modem day women. In the 1960s, people were not afraid to experiment with colors and the same trend seems to have taken root in modern fashion with colors and flower patterns seemingly being fashionable (â€Å"Fashion Trends for Spring/ Summer 2012†). This is in sharp contrast to retrospective (pre -1960s), conservative colors and designs. According to Glamour magazine, 2012 spring runways looked a lot like Lady Gaga’s concerts in that the designs were liberal with the colors and

Art Deco in American Architecture Research Paper

Art Deco in American Architecture - Research Paper Example The period between 1920s and 30s many banks were coming up and there was stiff competition for customers (Gebhard, 2003). Many banks that wanted to appear progressive were abandoning their cluttered and unattractive buildings for a more sophisticated and attractive buildings that Art Deco had brought. With this style, a bank could now appear stylistic and impressive. Many bank buildings portrayed an extraordinary geometric style and a subtle, rich detail that expressed a restrained sophistication that befits a financial institution. Apart from banks, corporates were also among the reasons for great demand in Art Deco architecture. Several corporate headquarters were shifting their headquarters to Art Deco styled buildings. This proved to their clients that they were stable enterprises in the economy and played a prominent role promising a modernistic future. Such corporates include electric utilities, communication companies, and those dealing with automotive. A good example of a cor poration that adopted this style is the Chrysler Corporation. It shifted its headquarters to the New York’s Chrysler Building in 1930. It was built at a time when there was a high competition for skyscrapers and style. It is a very good example of an American building representing Art Deco. The designer of this building was the architect William Van Allen. He designed it between 1928 and 1930. Initially Allen had been working for William Reynolds (a cigarette tycoon) but later on Walter Chrysler (automotive tycoon) acquired his plan. This building remained the world’s highest building for a short duration; it was a 77-story skyscraper reaching out to the Manhattan skyline. One would also notice its sense of style with the jewel-like glass crown (Nash & McGrath,... Apart from banks, corporates were also among the reasons for great demand in Art Deco architecture. Several corporate headquarters were shifting their headquarters to Art Deco styled buildings. This proved to their clients that they were stable enterprises in the economy and played a prominent role promising a modernistic future. Such corporates include electric utilities, communication companies, and those dealing with automotive. A good example of a corporation that adopted this style is the Chrysler Corporation. It shifted its headquarters to the New York’s Chrysler Building in 1930. It was built at a time when there was a high competition for skyscrapers and style. It is a very good example of an American building representing Art Deco. The designer of this building was the architect William Van Allen. He designed it between 1928 and 1930. Initially Allen had been working for William Reynolds (a cigarette tycoon) but later on Walter Chrysler (automotive tycoon) acquired hi s plan. This building remained the world’s highest building for a short duration; it was a 77-story skyscraper reaching out to the Manhattan skyline. One would also notice its sense of style with the jewel-like glass crown. The hotel industry was also a beneficiary and one of the reasons for popularity of Art Deco. The proprietors of hotels and restaurants used it to their advantage and came up with very decorated and stylized environments for eating and drinking. These environments employed the elements of Art Deco.

Does Descartes Provide A Convincing Argument?

Does Descartes Provide A Convincing Argument? Dualism is the philosophical belief that mind and matter are fundamentally distinct substances. William G. Lycan states that according to Cartesian dualism, minds are purely spiritual and radically non-spatial, having neither size nor location (Lycan, 47) and indeed, Descartes reached his conclusion by arguing that the mind and body are completely different in nature, making it possible for one to exist without the other. Whilst Descartes attempted to argue in favour of substance dualism, it can be said that his argument was ultimately weak, with substance monism being a far stronger viewpoint in the distinction between the mental and the physical. In this essay, I will attempt to argue that Descartes does not provide a convincing argument for the claim that mind and matter are distinct substances and instead, I will argue in favour of materialism through the particular exploration of functionalism. In order to understand dualism, we must first come to terms with Leibnizs Law due to the fact that most dualist arguments rely on this principle. The law states that if A=B, then any property of A is also a property of B (Guttenplan, 431). The first argument for dualism which I will discuss is the doubt argument, which compares the difference between an idea of ones own existence and an idea of ones bodys existence. The argument can be put forward as thus: Because of the nature of my being, my existence cannot be doubted. Because of the nature of my body, its existence can be doubted. Therefore, my mind which is the thinking thing that I am is not identical with my body. (Kim, 36) So in other words, whilst I can be convinced that I exist, it is not possible for me to know that my body exists with the exact same certainty. However, a response to this could be a comparison with another argument of similar structure but with a false conclusion, for example; Mary-Jane believes that Spiderman is a hero but Mary-Jane does not believe that Peter Parker is a hero. Therefore, Spiderman and Peter Parker must be fundamentally distinct. From this argument, we can see that the doubt argument is invalid. A second argument for dualism is the divisibility argument which may be reconstructed as follows: The self or soul lacks any parts into which it is divisible. The body, being spatially extended, is divisible and so composed of parts. Hence, the self and the body are distinct substances and the self is, unlike the body unextended. (Lowe, 8) The basic idea behind this argument is that the body is divisible because it is extended and thus can be separated into any number of parts. But Descartes argues that the mind is not divisible because each part of the mind, despite having different processes, has the same force behind it. Therefore, the mind cannot be seen as an extended entity because unlike extended entities, it cannot be divided into parts. So the same conclusion is reached; mind and body are ultimately distinct. However, the divisibility argument, despite being simple, has the same problem as the argument from doubt. We cant be totally sure that both premises are true. But Descartes was sure you couldnt divide the mind, especially someones thoughts and beliefs. However, it possible to argue that the mind can in fact be divided, if we consider the mind equal to the brain. Descartes may be right in stating that thoughts, beliefs, memories etc. cannot be divided but the substance that they are a state of, the physic al brain, can be separated such as in the case of brain surgery. People with personality disorders or split brains may have a divided mind. The first premise in this argument can only be true if we see the mind as a substance distinct from the brain. Thus, the divisibility argument is ultimately a weak argument in support of dualism. The final argument I will discuss is the argument from disembodied existence. Following the previous arguments, Descartes goes even further yet, stating that the mind is not only separate from the body, but that it can exist without it. The argument can be put as follows: If two things can exist apart from one another i.e. mind and body, they must be distinct. If I can imagine these things existing separately, God must be able to bring it about. If God can bring it about that these things exist separately, they must be distinct. Therefore, it is possible for the mind to exist without the body. In Meditation VI, Descartes expresses that he knows that all the things that he conceives clearly and distinctly can be produced by God precisely as he conceives them (Descartes, 28). Basically, the point that is being made is that if two things can exist separately, then they may be considered distinct. Descartes appeals to God to strengthen his argument, stating that if God can allow two things to exist separately, they must be distinct. But the problem lies in the fact that just because it is possible to perceive the mind and body as distinct, are they really distinct? Kim uses the example of the bronze bust of Beethoven. The bust could exist without being the bust of Beethoven, for example it could easily be the bust of say Brahms. However, if the bust is melted down, could it exist without being a material thing? The answer is no, as being material is a part of its essential nature and it cannot exist without being considered a material thing (Kim, 40). Thus, whilst its conceiva ble that I exist without a body, is it really possible? That is the problematic question that ultimately weakens Descartes argument. As I have shown Descartes argument for dualism to be weak, I will now highlight the ways in which materialism and in particular, functionalism refutes the claim that mind and matter are distinct substances, and fundamentally proves to be the stronger argument. One of the main questions that come from dualism is how the causal interaction of two distinct substances is possible. Materialism states that the universe contains only physical matter rather than distinctions, as in Descartes case. Whilst there are many strands of the materialist theory, functionalism appears to be the strongest. Functionalism is a theory which concerns itself with the idea that mental states are comprised exclusively by their functional roles. It explains how having a non-human brain can still result in mental states and also manages to explain how mental states can come from matter in the first place, without being completely perplexing. One of the strongest arguments in favour of functionalism is the argum ent involving the idea that mental states (such as pain) can be multiply realised because they involve functions. Fodor and Putnam argued that the importance of the state of pain does not lie on the c-fibres firing but what they are doing and what their contribution is to the operation. The point is that the role of the c-fibres could have been performed by anything suitable, as long as it was indeed performed (Lycan, 52). Clark puts the functionalist claim in an interesting way: the mind is to the body/brain as the program is to the physical machine. (Clark, 169) This idea can be seen as a direct response to the dualist view that mind and matter are distinct as the software is the product of material processes rather than being material in itself and any change in the software will cause changes in the computers physical components. Furthermore, it is impossible for the software to function without the hardware and vice versa, indicating that there is no real distinction between th e mental and physical. Ultimately, as I have argued in this essay, I believe Descartes dualist theory to be wholly unconvincing. This is primarily due to the weakness of the three arguments highlighted but also, the lack of strengths that appear in the theory. Descartes is convinced that mind and body are distinct but substance dualism doesnt seem to give an explanation as to why exactly mind and body are distinct and what the purpose of this distinction in. On the contrary, functionalism, a strand of materialism is a far more convincing theory in the discussion of mind and matter. By stating that there is no distinction between the two and that in fact, a mental state is concerned more with its function and its role in the wider system, an analogy can be made between the mind and a computer programme. This analogy is possible to conceive and essentially makes sense. So overall, substance dualism proves to be a far weaker argument in comparison to functionalism.

Predictive Analytics: the Future of Business Intelligence

The market is witnessing an unprecedented shift in business intelligence (BI), largely because of technological innovation and increasing business needs. The latest shift in the BI market is the move from traditional analytics to predictive analytics. Although predictive analytics belongs to the BI family, it is emerging as a distinct new software sector. Analytical tools enable greater transparency, and can find and analyze past and present trends, as well as the hidden nature of data. However, past and present insight and trend information are not enough to be competitive in business. Business organizations need to know more about the future, and in particular, about future trends, patterns, and customer behavior in order to understand the market better. To meet this demand, many BI vendors developed predictive analytics to forecast future trends in customer behavior, buying patterns, and who is coming into and leaving the market and why. Traditional analytical tools claim to have a real 360 ° view of the enterprise or business, but they analyze only historical data—data about what has already happened. Traditional analytics help gain insight for what was right and what went wrong in decision-making. Today’s tools merely provide rear view analysis. However, one cannot change the past, but one can prepare better for the future and decision makers want to see the predictable future, control it, and take actions today to attain tomorrow’s goals. What is Predictive Analytics? Predictive analytics are used to determine the probable future outcome of an event or the likelihood of a situation occurring. It is the branch of data mining concerned with the prediction of future probabilities and trends. Predictive analytics is used to automatically analyze large amounts of data with different variables; it includes clustering, decision trees, market basket analysis, regression modeling, neural nets, genetic algorithms, text mining, hypothesis testing, decision analytics, and more. The core element of predictive analytics is the predictor, a variable that can be measured for an individual or entity to predict future behavior. For example, a credit card company could consider age, income, credit history, other demographics as predictors when issuing a credit card to determine an applicant’s risk factor. Multiple predictors are combined into a predictive model, which, when subjected to analysis, can be used to forecast future probabilities with an acceptable level of reliability. In predictive modeling, data is collected, a statistical model is formulated, predictions are made, and the model is validated (or revised) as additional data become available. Predictive analytics combine business knowledge and statistical analytical techniques to apply with business data to achieve insights. These insights help organizations understand how people behave as customers, buyers, sellers, distributors, etc. Multiple related predictive models can produce good insights to make strategic company decisions, like where to explore new markets, acquisitions, and retentions; find up-selling and cross-selling opportunities; and discovering areas that can improve security and fraud detection. Predictive analytics indicates not only what to do, but also how and when to do it, and to explain what-if scenarios. A Microscopic and Telescopic View of Your Data Predictive analytics employs both a microscopic and telescopic view of data allowing organizations to see and analyze the minute details of a business, and to peer into the future. Traditional BI tools cannot accomplish this functionality. Traditional BI tools work with the assumptions one creates, and then will find if the statistical patterns match those assumptions. Predictive analytics go beyond those assumptions to discover previously unknown data; it then looks for patterns and associations anywhere and everywhere between seemingly disparate information. Let’s use the example of a credit card company operating a customer loyalty program to describe the application of predictive analytics. Credit card companies try to retain their existing customers through loyalty programs. The challenge is predicting the loss of customer. In an ideal world, a company can look into the future and take appropriate action before customers switch to competitor companies. In this case, one can build a predictive model employing three predictors: frequency of use, personal financial situations, and lower annual percentage rate (APR) offered by competitors. The combination of these predictors creates a predictive model, which works to find patterns and associations. This predictive model can be applied to customers who are start using their cards less frequently. Predictive analytics would classify these less frequent users differently than the regular users. It would then find the pattern of card usage for this group and predict a probable outcome. The predictive model could identify patterns between card usage; changes in one’s personal financial situation; and the lower APR offered by competitors. In this situation, the predictive analytics model can help the company to identify who are those unsatisfied customers. As a result, company’s can respond in a timely manner to keep those clients loyal by offering them attractive promotional services to sway them away from switching to a competitor. Predictive analytics could also help organizations, such as government agencies, banks, immigration departments, video clubs etc. , achieve their business aims by using internal and external data. On-line books and music stores also take advantage of predictive analytics. Many sites provide additional consumer information based on the type of book one purchased. These additional details are generated by predictive analytics to potentially up-sell customers to other related products and services. Predictive Analytics and Data Mining The future of data mining lies in predictive analytics. However, the terms data mining and data extraction are often confused with each other in the market. Data mining is more than data extraction It is the extraction of hidden predictive information from large databases or data warehouses. Data mining, also known as knowledge-discovery in databases, is the practice of automatically searching large stores of data for patterns. To do this, data mining uses computational techniques from statistics and pattern recognition. On the other hand, data extraction is the process of pulling data from one data source and loading them into a targeted database; for example, it pulls data from source or legacy system and loading data into standard database or data warehouse. Thus the critical difference between the two is data mining looks for patterns in data. A predictive analytical model is built by data mining tools and techniques. Data mining tools extract data by accessing massive databases and then they process the data with advance algorithms to find hidden patterns and predictive information. Though there is an obvious connection between statistics and data mining, because methodologies used in data mining have originated in fields other than statistics. Data mining sits at the common borders of several domains, including data base management, artificial intelligence, machine learning, pattern recognition, and data visualization. Common data mining techniques include artificial neural networks, decision trees, genetic algorithms, nearest neighbor method, and rule induction. Major Predictive Analytics Vendors Some vendors have been in the predictive analytical tools sector for decades; others have recently emerged. This section will briefly discuss the capabilities of key vendors in predictive analytics. SAS SAS is one of the leaders in predictive analytics. Though it is a latecomer to BI, SAS started making tools for statistical analysis at least thirty years prior, which has helped it to move into data mining and create predictive analytic tools. Its application, SAS Enterprise Miner, streamlines the entire data mining process from data access to model deployment by supporting all necessary tasks within a single, integrated solution. Delivered as a distributed client-server system, it is well suited for data mining in large organizations. SAS provides financial, forecasting, and statistical analysis tools critical for problem-solving and competitive agility. SAS is geared towards power users, and is difficult to learn. Additionally, in terms of real-time analytics, building dashboards and scorecards, SAS is a laggard compared to competitors like Cognos, Business Objects, and Hyperion; however, its niche product in data mining and predictive analytics has made it stand out of the crowd. SPSS SPSS Inc. is another leader in providing predictive analytics software and solutions. Founded in 1968, SPSS has a long history of creating programs for statistical analysis in social sciences. SPSS today is known more as a predictive analytics software developer than statistical analysis software. SPSS has played a thought-leadership role in the emergence of predictive analytics, showcasing predictive analytics as an important, distinct segment within the broader business intelligence software sector. SPSS performs almost all general statistical analyses (regression, logistic regression, survival analysis, analysis of variance, factor analysis, and multivariate nalysis) and now has a full set of data mining and predictive analytical tools. Though the program comes in modules, it is necessary to have the SPSS Base System in order to fully benefit from the product. SPSS focuses on ease; thus beginners enjoy it, while power users may quickly outgrow it. SPSS is strong in the area of graphics, and weak in more cutting edge statistical procedures and lacks robust methods a nd survey methods. The latest SPSS 14. 0 release has improved links to third-party data sources and programming languages. Insightful Along similar lines is Insightful Corporation, a supplier of software and services for statistical data analysis, data mining of numeric, and text data. It delivers software and solutions for predictive analytics and provides enterprises with scalable data analysis solutions that drive better decisions by revealing patterns, trends, and relationships. Insightful’s S-PLUS 7, is a standard software platform for statistical data analysis and predictive analytics. Designed with an open architecture and flexible interfaces, S-PLUS 7 is an ideal platform for integrating advanced statistical techniques into existing business processes. Another tool offered by Insightful is Insightful Miner, a data mining tool. Its ability to scale to large data sets in an accessible manner in one of its strengths. Insightful Miner is also a good tool for data import/export, data exploration, and data cleansing tasks, and its reduces dimensionality prior to modeling. While it has powerful reporting and modeling capabilities, it has relatively low levels of automation StatSoft Inc. StatSoft, Inc. is a global provider of analytic software. Its flagship product is Statistica, a suite of analytics software products. Statistica provides comprehensive array of data analysis, data management, data visualization and data mining procedures. Its features include the wide selection of predictive modeling, clustering, classification and exploratory techniques made available in one software platform. Because of its open architecture, it is highly customizable and can be tailored to meet very specific and demanding analysis requirements. Statistica has a relatively easy to use graphical programming user interface, and provides tools for all common data mining tasks; however, its charts are not easily available for the evaluation of neural net models. Statistica Data Miner another solution that offers a collection comprehensive data mining solutions. It is one of two suites that provides a support vector machine (SVM), which provides the framework for modeling learning algorithms. Knowledge Extractions Engines (KXEN) Knowledge Extraction Engines (KXEN) is the other vendor that provides a suite that includes SVM. KXEN is a global provider of business analytics software. Its self-named tool, KXEN provides (SVM) and merges the fields of machine learning and statistics. KXEN Analytic Framework is a suite of predictive and descriptive modeling engines that create analytic models. It places the latest data mining technology within reach of business decision makers and data mining professionals. The key components of KXEN are robust regression, smart segmenter, time series, association rules, support vector machine, consistent coder, sequence coder, model export, and event log. One can embed the KXEN data mining tool into existing enterprise applications and business processes. No advanced technical knowledge is required to create and deploy models and KXEN is highly accurate data mining tool and it is almost fully automatic. However, one record must be submitted for every entity that must be modeled, and this record must contain a clean data set. Unica Affinium Model is Unica’s data mining tool. It is used for response modeling to understand and anticipate customer behavior. Unica is enterprise marketing management (EMM) software vendor and Affinium Model is a core component of the market-leading Affinium EMM software suite. The software empowers marketing professionals to recognize and predict customer behaviors and preferences—and use that information to develop relevant, profitable, and customer-focused marketing strategies and interactions. The automatic operation of the modeling engine shields the user from many data mining operations that must be manually performed by users of other packages, including a choice of algorithms. Affinium is an easy to use response modeling product on the market and is suitable for the non-data miner or statistician, who lacks statistical and graphical knowledge. New variables can be derived in the spreadsheet with a rich set of macro functions; however, the solution lacks data exploration tools and data preparation functions. Angoss Software Corporation Another leading provider of data mining and predictive analytics tools is Angoss Software Corporation. Its products provide information on customer behavior and marketing initiatives to help in the development of business strategies. Main products include KnowledgeSTUDIO and KnowledgeSEEKER, which are data mining and predictive analytics tools. The company also offers customized training to its clients, who are primarily in the financial services industry. Angoss developed industry specific predictive analytics software like Angoss Expands FundGuard, Angoss Telecom Marketing Analytics, and Angoss Claims & Payments Analytics. Apart from financial industry Angoss software is used by telecom, life sciences, and retail organizations. Fair Isaac Corporation Along similar lines, Fair Isaac Corporation is the leading provider of credit scoring systems. The firm offers statistics-based predictive tools for the consumer credit industry. Model Builder 2. 1 addresses predictive analytics, and is an advanced modeling platform specifically designed to jump-start the predictive modeling process, enabling rapid development, and deployment of predictive models into enterprise-class decision applications. Fair Isaac's analytic and decision-management products and services are used around the world, and include applicant scoring for insurers, and financial risk and database management products for financial concerns. IBM Not to be left out, the world’s largest information and technology company, IBM also offers predictive analytics tools. DB2 Intelligent Miner for Data is a predictive analytical tool and can be used to gain new business insights and to harvest valuable business intelligence from enterprise data. Intelligent Miner for Data mines high-volume transaction data generated by point-of-sale, automatic transfer machine (ATM), credit card, call center, or e-commerce activities. It better equips an organization to make insightful decisions, whether the problem is how to develop more precisely targeted marketing campaigns, reduce customer attrition, or increase revenue generated by Internet shopping. The Intelligent Miner Scoring is built as an extension to the DB2 tool and works directly from the relational database. It accelerates the data mining process, resulting in the ability to make quicker decisions from a host of culled data. Additionally, because D2B Intelligent Miner Scoring is compatible with Oracle databases, companies no longer have to wait for Oracle to incorporate business intelligence capabilities into their database product. User Recommendations Depending on an organization’s needs, some predictive analytics tools will be more relevant than others. Each has its strengths and weakness and can be highly industry-and model-specific—the algorithms and models built for one industry are not applicable to other industries. Financial industries, for example, have different models than what are used in manufacturing and research industries. Selecting the appropriate predictive analytics tools is not a simple task. The following capabilities must be taken into consideration: algorithm richness, degree of automation, scalability, model portability, web enablement, ease of use, and the capability to access large data sets. The more diversified the business, the more functions and unique models are required. Model portability is important even within different business units in the same company. The scalability of the solution and its ability to handle expanded functionality should also be verified and based on a business’ growth. The tools also have to be tested by the right experts. To understand and interpret predictive analytics results, one has to be knowledgeable about statistical modeling. One should look for the main functions and features of the tool and try to match them with their main requirements, as well as measure the trade off between functionality and cost. For example, some functionalities might be more important for some companies and less important for others. Buyers should also beware. Although marketing campaigns for predictive analytics solutions claim †ease of use†, these tools are not for beginners. Users require extensive training and expertise to use the core functionalities of the predictive analytics solutions, such as identifying data, building the predictive model with right predictors, data mining knowledge to align with business strategy etc. Furthermore, predictive analytics automates model building, but does not automate the integration of business processes and knowledge. Thus expertise and training are required to evaluate the best software relevant to an organization’s unique business model. Nonetheless, if a company has or is willing to attain the expertise required to use predictive analytics it can definitely benefit from the tool. Although most large enterprises use some sort of traditional BI tool or platform, their tools do not provide predictive analytics functionality. Incorporating predictive analytics into an existing BI infrastructure can provide organizations’ a competitive advantage in their industry. Consequently, the integration of BI tools is a key consideration when selecting a predictive analytical tool, as is its integration with key applications such as enterprise resource planning, (ERP), customer resource management (CRM), and supply chain management (SCM) etc. Ultimately, since predictive analytics is currently the only way to analyze and monitor the business trends of the past, present, and future, selecting the right tool can be a key success factor in your BI strategy. About the author Mukhles Zaman has more than twenty five years experience in the IT industry specializing in business intelligence (BI), customer relationship management (CRM), project management, database design, and reporting software. He is a leading BI expert and has worked as a senior project manager on IT projects for Fortune 1000 companies in India, the Middle East, US, and Canada. He has also developed call center systems, software architecture, and portfolio management systems. He holds an MA in Economics, and a BA in Economics and Statistics from the University of Dhaka and is an Oracle Certified Professional. He can be reached at [email  protected] com.

Common Network Vulnerabilities Essay

â€Å"Businesses, governments, and other organizations face a wide array of information security risks. Some threaten the confidentiality of private information, some threaten the integrity of data and operations, and still others threaten to disrupt availability of critical systems† (Sullivan, 2009). Since such security risks are always going to present in the cyber world, businesses and organizations need to fully be aware of any vulnerabilities in their systems. The initial realization of any organization’s vulnerability can only first be understood through the knowledge of what vulnerability means. A vulnerability is a security weakness but not a security threat. It is what needs to be assessed in order to examine an organization’s network. One of the main network vulnerabilities facing IT managers today is the absence of encrypted data being transferred and received between uninformed users and the lack of knowledge and understanding within an organization’s internal structure. Network vulnerabilities are present in every system and with the constant advancement in knowledge, programs, and technology; it can be extremely difficult to rid all vulnerabilities in any infrastructure. Whether it is implementing hardware or beefing up software security, no one method of protecting a network can be greatly increased unless the users and IT professionals behind the update are up to speed on what is happening. To begin, all users in an organization or business need to be aware. Be aware of your surroundings. Be aware of the software that you use on a daily basis, and the information that is being passed between everyone. Security awareness in any infrastructure needs to be the center of any cyber security business program. In many respects, the challenges of implementing and managing effective technical controls pale in comparison with the difficulties in addressing organizational weaknesses, such as insufficient or ineffective security awareness training† (Sullivan, 2009). Companies that don’t provide security awareness and training are leaving open pathways into their network (McLaughlin, 2006). From an IT manager’s standpoint, companies are fully aware of the threats that their organization is faced with everyday. From a survey conducted from nearly â€Å"550 small and midsize businesses, it was found that human error was the primary cause of nearly 60 percent of security breaches during the past year† (McLaughlin, 2006). This 60 percent clearly states that the primary holes in any organization’s security remain user problems and insufficient training throughout the company. â€Å"The alarming part is that little is being done to change cultural behavior† (McLaughlin, 2006). Even knowing that the lack of education and training cause companywide vulnerabilities, changes and training continue to lie on the wayside and be less of a priority rather than a major one. The Internet is rapidly growing and evolving and people need to evolve with it. The Internet is ultimately becoming the staple for all businesses today. â€Å"Businesses from all over the world have found the Internet to be a cost effective and reliable business tool. Indeed, in the last few years, in addition to conventional business transactions, many of the controls systems (SCADA) that support national and public utilities are adopting the Internet as a core data transport method. This has resulted in businesses and societies becoming critically dependent on the continuous operation of the Internet† (John, n. ). These dependencies need to then be addressed to provide critical support for end user vulnerabilities. End user vulnerabilities need to first be recognized within a business and proper steps need to be taken to adequately train employees. â€Å"Most of the flaws that emerge in the security and vulnerability assessment realm are due to misconfigurations and poor application of corporate security practices, which points to a need for training† (McLaughlin, 2006). Businesses need to include security training and awareness; this being the first step in the correction of network holes. In my opinion, security awareness is the basis of all network flaws. Because network security is extremely important, businesses need to make it a top priority to have a network infrastructure assessment. Networks are becoming increasingly complex and by executing a network assessment it will help IT managers ensure the company’s network is operating at peak efficiency. â€Å"The vulnerability of the system depends on the state of the system itself, on the capacity of a hazard to affect this state and on the undesired consequences the combination of the hazard and the vulnerability will eventually lead to† (Petit & Robert, 2010). Known vulnerabilities of a security infrastructure require a situational awareness. â€Å"This includes knowledge of security software versions for integrity management and anti-malware processing, signature deployments for security devices such as intrusion detection systems, and monitoring status for any types of security collection and processing systems† (Amoroso, 2011). In addition to an entire infrastructure assessment, there must be companywide training classes. These trainings need to help employees understand not only the importance of network security, but also how their actions can impact everyone and everything around them. According to a Booz Allen Hamilton survey, the nation’s cyber defense is seriously challenged by shortages of highly skilled cyber-security experts† (Vanderwerken & Ubell, 2011). This poses one major issue; the people being hired to run elaborate business networks are unqualified and inadequately trained. These businesses must provide high-level in-house training programs to the experts as well as the entire workforce to ensure the integrity of internal and client systems and to avoid the cyber threats surrounding the business. Training must be provided to end users to provide overall awareness and give them the general knowledge needed to maintain the businesses integrity and a sufficiently working network. This simple, yet effective training will provide any business with a sufficient return on investment. â€Å"As long as there are cyber criminals ready to strike, your company remains vulnerable. Vigilant cyber-security training and education must be your company’s top priority† (Vanderwerken & Ubell, 2011). Even though a business can provide the necessary training through company ide programs, the biggest vulnerability in an organization are the negligent employees who don’t care or don’t want to participate in the proper security procedures. Most companies are oblivious to the fact that the most pervasive attacks on a network are caused by gullible and negligent employees clicking and opening invasive files embedded in emails and data from beyond the company’s network firewall. â€Å"Despite strenuous efforts by most companies to alert personnel to email and Internet behavior that opens up firms to invasion, employees continue to do foolish things. As more access is given to the end user by means of mobile computing, cyber-crime prevention has to be a top priority. The corporate landscape requiring protection is multiplying at very quick pace† (Vanderwerken & Ubell, 2011). Another major aspect in training is to be familiar with the upgrading of a network with new hardware. Such an update is a suitable idea but the installation and a working knowledge of how to use and implement this new technological hardware is essential. Many companies just don’t understand how vulnerable they are in areas they never would expect there to be flaws, such as hardware purchasing. Inadvertent mistakes are better avoided when consistent and specific training is given to non-IT staff regarding the dangers their everyday activity can incur† (Vanderwerken & Ubell, 2011). Taking it one step further, company wide training can only provide so much assurance but IT management also needs to be aware of the internal threats that may come from dishonest employees. Internal threats from dishonest employees are a major risk. Organizations need to keep a watchful eye on those who misbehave on internal networks, intentional or not (Beidel, 2011). Problems from the inside are often overlooked. â€Å"Hackers have been successful against firms with solid security frameworks by analyzing their employees and going after them with cleverly worded emails, also known as ‘phishing. ’ Companies have begun training all employees on cybersecurity fundamentals. No amount of technology can prevent attacks if employees are not educated† (Beidel, 2011). Phishing incidents are one of the main threats to uneducated employees. Uneducated employees are susceptible to the ‘wolves’ and become prey to the malicious viruses disguised as harmless data or programs. Phishing is one of the easiest ways for enemies to feed off of these uneducated users in an organization. It takes the user’s lack of knowledge and gullible nature and tempts them in to opening or transferring data that has potentially been tampered with. This type of attack plays into the gullibility of the users and tries to get them to open malicious documents and pass them on to create a chain effect within a company and thus cause all sorts of problems. This ultimately could lead to loss of clients and even worse the downfall of the company itself. In conclusion, every network user must be educated and trained on Internet security. It is this training that is going to lesson a business’s network vulnerabilities and provide the education needed to strengthen security gaps on a companywide scale. â€Å"Organizations must provide sophisticated training to in-house experts to ensure the integrity of internal and client systems. They must also offer instruction to their entire workforce to avoid cyber minefields surrounding us all. Simple, yet effective, training must be provided to personnel for general awareness, while graduate education is now globally available to specialists to gain the high level of expertise your company requires. As long as there are cyber criminals ready to strike, your company remains vulnerable. Vigilant cyber-security training and education must be your company’s top priority† (Vanderwerken & Ubell, 2011).